Standard model for elementary particles—from Wikipedia—not showing weak isospin or color: 12 fundamental fermions and 4 fundamental bosons (see Particle Data Group for recent mass).

Fermions: the 12 elementary particles of spin ½ due to which they respect the Pauli exclusion principle (integer spin particles do not). Quarks carry color charge, and so interact by the strong force. Due to color confinement quarks are nearly perpetually bound to one another, forming color-neutral composite particles—hadrons—containing either a quark and an antiquark—mesons—or three quarks—baryons. The proton and the neutron are the two smallest mass baryons. Quarks also carry electric charge and weak isospin. Hence they interact with other fermions electromagnetically and via the weak interaction. Leptons are remaining six fermions which do not carry color charge. The neutrinos do not carry electric charge either—their motion is directly influenced only by the weak nuclear force—which makes them difficult to detect. By virtue of electric charge, the electron, muon, and tau all interact electromagnetically.

Bosons do not obey the exclusion principle, so there is no limit to the number that can occupy the same quantum state; mesons and stable nuclei of even mass number such as deuterium, and helium-4 are bosons—thus superfluidity. Gauge bosons are spin 1 force carriers that mediate the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions; their macroscopic counterparts are fields. If the perturbation approximation is interpreted literally, the interaction occurs by particle interchange. The massless photon mediates the electromagnetic force and is well-described by quantum electrodynamics. The massive W+, W−, and Z gauge bosons mediate the weak forces between particles of different flavors (all quarks and leptons). Weak interactions involving the W± exclusively act on left and right handed antiparticles only. The eight—massless—gluons mediate the strong forces between color particles (quarks); their eightfold multiplicity is labeled by a combination of color and anticolor charge (e.g. red–anti-green). Because gluons have an effective color charge, they can also interact among themselves. Gluons and their interactions are described by quantum chromodynamics. The Higgs Boson is a scalar—spin 0—massive particle, tentatively confirmed March 14, 2013 that explains masses of leptons, quarks, and Z, W, and Higgs bosons (via electroweak force) and masslessness of gluons and photons.