Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropaedia Articles: Conceptual Listing

The listing is at three levels; currently, the internal links for this document are set for only the main divisions:

0 KNOWLEDGE -- 1 MATTER AND ENERGY -- 2 EARTH -- 3 LIFE -- 4 HUMANKIND -- 5 SOCIETY AND CULTURE -- 6 ART -- 7 TECHNOLOGY -- 8 RELIGION -- 9 HISTORY

To an Alphabetic Listing


Discussion

Anil Mitra, Ph. D., Horizon Knowledge Enterprises

The numbering here of the main divisions is from 0 to 9 rather than from 1 to 10. This is conceptually suggestive since divisions 1 through 9 outline knowledge of the world [universe] while division 0 is on knowledge [of knowledge itself.]

Each of the 717 Macropaedia articles is in the list under a conceptually appropriate Propaedia [the Britannica outline of knowledge] topic at one of the three levels.

The article titles are actually links to the Britannica outlines to the articles. These outlines are links to content; so the listing here provides organization and logical access to the Macropaedia encyclopaedic knowledge base.

For Further Development

The conceptual placements are not unique; presently alternates are not provided; alternates are provided in the listing database that I have constructed.

Non-uniqueness of conceptual placement is not at all a weakness. Given a [contingent] degree of boundedness to rationality and perception, non-uniqueness shows adaptive flexibility of perception. One of the objectives of the present construction of a specific concetpual database format to the Britannica knowledge base is as a preliminary to flexible, multiple conceptual database formats to universal knowledge bases. Database manipulation and comparison, guided and programmed by a conceptually informed individual or group and in combination with human manipulation and comparison will, it is hypothesized, yield further knowledge and understanding.


The Listing [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

0 Knowledge

01 Logic

01The History and Kinds of Logic

011 History and Philosophy of Logic

012 Formal Logic, Metalogic, and Applied Logic

02 Mathematics

021 History and Foundations of Mathematics

021The Foundations of Mathematics

021The History of Mathematics

022 Branches of Mathematics

022Algebra

022Analysis (in Mathematics)

022Arithmetic

022Combinatorics and Combinatorial Geometry

022Geometry

022Number Games and Other Mathematical Recreations

022Number Theory

022Probability Theory

022Set Theory

022Topology

022Trigonometry

023 Applications of Mathematics

023Automata Theory

023Game Theory

023Information Theory

023Numerical Analysis

023The Mathematical Theory of Optimization

023Statistics

03 Science

031 History and Philosophy of Science

031Archimedes

031Niels Bohr

031Nicolaus Copernicus

031Charles Darwin

031Thomas Alva Edison

031Albert Einstein

031Michael Faraday

031Galileo

031Carl Friedrich Gauss

031William Harvey

031Werner Heisenberg

031Hermann von Helmholtz

031Kelvin

031Johannes Kepler

031Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

031James Clerk Maxwell

031Sir Isaac Newton

031Louis Pasteur

031Max Planck

031Ernest Rutherford

031The History of Science

032 The Physical Sciences

032Principles of Physical Science

032The Physical Sciences

033 The Earth Sciences

033The Earth Sciences

034 The Biological Sciences

034The Biological Sciences

035 Medicine and Affiliated Disciplines

035Medicine

036 The Social Sciences and Psychology and Linguistics

036Linguistics

036The Social Sciences

037 The Technological Sciences

037Drafting

037Engineering

037Industrial Engineering and Production Management

037Materials Science

037The History of Technology

04 History and the Humanities

041 Historiography and the Study of History

041The Study of History

042 The Humanities and Humanistic Scholarship

042Desiderius Erasmus

042Humanism

05 Philosophy

051 History of Philosophy

051The History of Western Philosophy

051The History of Western Political Philosophy

051Classical Scholarship

052 The Nature and the Divisions of Philosophy

052Aesthetics

052Epistemology

052Ethics

052Indian Philosophy

052Metaphysics

052The Philosophy of Mind

052Philosophical Anthropology

052Philosophies of the Branches of Knowledge

052Rhetoric

053 Philosophical Schools and Doctrines

053Aristotle and Aristotelianism

053Augustine

053Francis Bacon

053René Descartes and Cartesianism

053Hegel and Hegelianism

053David Hume

053Immanuel Kant and Kantianism

053John Locke

053Karl Marx and Marxism

053John Stuart Mill

053Friedrich Nietzsche

053Blaise Pascal

053Western Philosophical Schools and Doctrines

053Plato and Platonism

053Jean-Jacques Rousseau

053Adam Smith

053Socrates

053Thomas Aquinas and Thomism

06 Preservation of Knowledge

061 Institutions and Techniques for the Collection, Storage, Dissemination, and Preservation of

061Libraries

061Museums

062 Storage and Retrieval of Information

062Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries

063 Institutions for the Advancement and Dissemination of Knowledge

063Publishing

1 Matter and Energy [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

1Time

11 Atoms: Atomic Nuclei and Elementary Particles

111 The Structure and Properties of Atoms

111Atoms: Their Structure, Properties, and Component Particles

112 The Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles

112Particle Accelerators

112Subatomic Particles

12 Energy, Radiation, and the States and Transformation of Matter

12Radiation

121 Chemical Elements: Periodic Variation in Their Properties

121Chemical Elements

122 Chemical Compounds: Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding

122Physical and Chemical Analysis and Measurement

122Chemical Bonding

122Chemical Compounds

123 Chemical Reactions

123Chemical Reactions

124 Heat, Thermodynamics, and the Nonsolid States of Matter

124Matter: Its Properties, States, Varieties, and Behaviour

124Principles of Thermodynamics

125 The Solid State of Matter

126 Mechanics of Particles, Rigid Bodies, and Deformable Bodies: Elasticity, Vibrations, and Flow

126Gravitation

126Mechanics: Energy, Forces, and Their Effects

126Relativity

126Sound

127 Electricity and Magnetism

127Colour

127Electricity and Magnetism

127Electromagnetic Radiation

127Light

127Principles of Optics

128 Waves and Wave Motion

13 The Universe: Galaxies, Stars, the Solar System

131 The Cosmos

131The Cosmos

132 Galaxies and Stars

132Galaxies

132Nebula

132Stars and Star Clusters

133 The Solar System

133Calendar

133Eclipse, Occultation, and Transit

133The Solar System

2 Earth [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

21 The Earth's Properties, Structure, and Composition

21The Earth: Its Properties, Composition, and Structure

211 The Planet Earth

212 The Earth's Physical Properties

213 The Structure and Composition of the Earth's Interior

214 The Earth's Constituent Minerals and Rocks

214Minerals and Rocks

22 The Earth's Envelope: Its Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

221 The Atmosphere

221Atmosphere

222 The Hydrosphere: the Oceans, Freshwater Bodies, and Ice Masses

222The Arctic

222The Atlantic Ocean

222The Hydrosphere

222Ice and Ice Formations

222The Indian Ocean

222Lakes

222Oceans

222The Pacific Ocean

222Rivers

223 Weather and Climate

223Climate and Weather

23 The Earth's Surface Features

23Africa

23Antarctica

23Asia

23Australia

23Continental Landforms

23Europe

23North America

23South America

231 Physical Features of the Earth's Surface

231Geography

231Soils

232 Features Produced by Geomorphic Processes Acting on the Earth's Surface

232Earthquakes

232Volcanism

24 The Earth's History

241 Origin and Development of the Earth and Its Envelopes

241Plate Tectonics

242 The Interpretation of the Geologic Record

242Geochronology: The Interpretation and Dating of the Geologic Record

243 The Eras and Periods of Geologic Time

3 Life [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

3Life

31 The Nature and Diversity of Living Things

311 Characteristics of Living Things

311Biological Coloration

312 The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Living Things

312The Theory of Evolution

313 The Classification of Living Things

313Algae

313Amphibians

313Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants

313Animals

313Annelids

313Arachnids

313Arthropods

313Aschelminths

313Bacteria and Other Monerans

313Birds

313Bryophytes

313Chordates

313Cnidarians

313Crustaceans

313Dinosaurs

313Echinoderms

313Ferns and Other Lower Vascular Plants

313Fishes

313Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes

313Fungi

313Gymnosperms

313Insects

313Lamp Shells: Phylum Brachiopoda

313Mammals

313Mollusks

313Moss Animals: Phylum Bryozoa

313Plants

313Protists

313Protozoa

313Reptiles

313Sponges: Phylum Porifera

313Trees

313Viruses

32 The Molecular Basis of Vital Processes

321 Chemicals and the Vital Processes

321Proteins

321Carbohydrates

321Lipids

321Nucleic Acids

321Vitamins

321Hormones

322 Metabolism: Bioenergetics and Biosynthesis

323 Vital Processes at the Molecular Level

323Photosynthesis

33 The Structures and Functions of Organisms

331 The Cellular Basis of Form and Function

331Cells: Their Structures and Functions

332 The Relation of Form and Function in Organisms

333 Coordination of Vital Processes: Regulation and Integration

333Endocrine Systems

333Nerves and Nervous Systems

333Sensory Reception

334 Covering and Support: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Musculatory Systems

334Integumentary Systems

334Muscles and Muscle Systems

334Supportive and Connective Tissues

335 Nutrition: the Procurement and Processing of Nutrients

335Digestion and Digestive Systems

335Excretion and Excretory Systems

335Metabolism

336 Gas Exchange, Internal Transport, and Elimination

336Circulation and Circulatory Systems

336Respiration and Respiratory Systems

337 Reproduction and Sex

337Reproduction and Reproductive Systems

337Sex and Sexuality

338 Development: Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis

338Biological Growth and Development

339 Heredity: the Transmission of Traits

339The Principles of Genetics and Heredity

34 Behavioral Responses of Organisms

341 Nature and Patterns of Behavioral Responses

341Animal Behaviour

341Mimicry

342 Development and Range of Behavioral Capacities: Individual and Group Behavior

342Animal Learning

35 The Biosphere: the World of Living Things

351 Basic Features of the Biosphere

351The Biosphere and Concepts of Ecology

352 Biological Populations and Communities

353 Hazards of Life in the Biosphere: Disease and Death

354 Biogeographic Distribution of Organisms: Ecosystems

355 The Place of Humans in the Biosphere

355Domestic Cats

355Dogs

355Horses and Horsemanship

4 Humankind [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

41 Stages in the Development of Human Life on Earth

411 Human Evolution

411Human Evolution

412 Human Heredity: the Races of Mankind

42 The Human Organism: Health and Disease

42Alcohol and Drug Consumption

421 The Structures and Functions of the Human Body

421Blood

422 Human Health

422Exercise and Physical Conditioning

422Immunity

422Nutrition

422Sleep and Dreams

423 Human Diseases

423Cancer

423Childhood Diseases and Disorders

423Disease

423Infectious Diseases

423Mental Disorders and Their Treatment

423Occupational Diseases and Disorders

423Poisons and Poisoning

424 The Practice of Medicine and the Care of Health

424Birth Control

424Death

424Diagnosis and Therapeutics

424Drugs and Drug Action

424Organ and Tissue Transplants

43 Human Behavior and Experience

43Psychological Tests and Measurement

431 Human Nature and Experience: General Considerations

432 Influence of the Current Environment on a Person's Behavior and Conscious Experience: Attention, Sensation, and Perception

432Attention

432Human Perception

433 Current Internal States Affecting a Person's Behavior and Conscious Experience

433Human Emotion

433Human Motivation

434 Persisting Capacities and Inclinations That Influence Human Behavior and Conscious Experience

434Memory

435 Development of a Person's Potentials: Learning and Thinking

435The Development of Human Behaviour

435Human Intelligence

435Human Learning and Cognition

435Thought and Thought Processes

436 Personality and the Self: Integration and Disintegration of the Person as a Whole

436Sigmund Freud

436Personality

5 Society and Culture [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

51 Social Groups: Peoples and Cultures

511 Peoples and Cultures of the World

511Native American Peoples

511Asian Peoples and Cultures

512 The Development of Human Culture

513 Major Cultural Components and Institutions of Human Societies

513The Concept and Components of Culture

514 Language and Communication

514Communication

514Language

514Languages of the World

514Names

514Speech

514Writing

515Nations and Political Regions

515Afghanistan

515Arabia

515Argentina

515Austria

515Balkan States

515Bangladesh

515Belarus

515Belgium

515Bhutan

515Bolivia

515Brazil

515Canada

515Central Africa

515Central America

515Central Asia

515Chile

515China

515Colombia

515Cyprus

515Czech and Slovak Republics

515Denmark

515Eastern Africa

515Ecuador

515Egypt

515Finland

515France

515Germany

515Greece

515Guyana

515Hungary

515Iceland

515India

515Indonesia

515Iran

515Iraq

515Ireland

515The Islamic World

515Israel

515Italy

515Japan

515Jordan

515Korea

515Lebanon

515Luxembourg

515Madagascar

515Malta

515Mexico

515Mongolia

515Nepal

515The Netherlands

515New Zealand

515North Africa

515Norway

515Pacific Islands

515Pakistan

515Paraguay

515Peru

515Philippines

515Poland

515Portugal

515Russia

515Southeast Asia

515Southern Africa

515Spain

515Sri Lanka

515The Sudan

515Suriname

515Sweden

515Switzerland

515Syria

515Taiwan

515Transcaucasia

515Turkey and Ancient Anatolia

515Ukraine

515Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

515United Kingdom

515United States of America

515Uruguay

515Venezuela

515The West Indies

515Western Africa

516Cities

516Alexandria

516Amsterdam

516Antwerp

516Athens

516Baghdad

516Baltic States

516Bankok

516Barcelona

516Beirut

516Berlin

516Bombay

516Boston

516Brussels

516Budapest

516Buenos Aires

516Cairo

516Calcutta

516Canton

516Cape Town

516Caracas

516Chicago

516Chungking

516Cologne

516Damascus

516Delhi

516Dublin

516Edinburgh

516Florence

516Geneva

516Hamburg

516Havana

516Hong Kong

516Istanbul

516Jakarta

516Jerusalem

516Johannesburg

516Karachi

516Kiev

516Kinshasa

516Kyoto

516Lima

516Lisbon

516London

516Los Angeles

516Madrid

516Manchester

516Manila

516Marseille

516Melbourne

516Mexico City

516Milan

516Montreal

516Moscow

516Nanking

516Naples

516New Orleans

516New York City

516Osaka-Kobe Metropolitan Area

516Palestine

516Paris

516Peking

516Philadelphia

516Prague

516Rio de Janeiro

516Rome

516Saint Petersburg

516San Francisco

516Săo Paulo

516Seoul

516Shanghai

516Sydney

516Tientsin

516Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area

516Toronto

516Venice

516Vienna

516Warsaw

516Washington, D.C.

52 Social Organization and Social Change

521 Social Structure and Change

521Social Structure and Change

522 The Group Structure of Society

522Collective Behaviour

522Family and Kinship

523 Social Status

524 Human Populations: Urban and Rural Communities

524Cities

524Population

53 The Production, Distribution, and Utilization of Wealth

53Conservation of Natural Resources

531 Economic Concepts, Issues, and Systems

531Acounting

531Banks and Banking

531Economic Systems

531Economic Theory

531Insurance

531Money

531Public Administration

531Industrial and Organizational Relations

531Labour Economics

531Organized Labour: Trade Unionism

532 The Consumer and the Market: Pricing and the Mechanisms for Distributing Goods

532International Trade

533 The Organization of Production and Distribution

533Coins and Coinage

533Marketing and Merchandising

533Markets

533History of the Organization of Work

534 The Distribution of Income and Wealth

534Social Welfare

534Taxation

535 Macroeconomics

536 Economic Growth and Planning

536Economic Growth and Planning

536Government Finance

54 Politics and Government

541 Political Theory

541The Forms of Government: Their Historical Development

541Human Rights

541Ideology

541Land Reform and Tenure

541Political Systems

541Socialism

541Communism

541Anarchism

541Fascism

541Nationalism

541Liberalism

541Conservatism

542 Political Institutions: the Structure, Branches, and Offices of Government

542Constitution and Constitutional Government

542Intelligence and Counterintelligence

543 The Functioning of Government: the Dynamics of the Political Process

543Diplomacy

543Political Parties and Interest Groups

543Propaganda

543Public Opinion

544 International Relations: Peace and War

544United Nations

55 Law

551 Philosophies and Systems of Law; the Practice of Law

551Judicial and Arbitrational Systems

551The Profession and Practice of Law

551The Evolution of Modern Western Legal Systems

551Police

551Procedural Law

552 Branches of Public Law, Substantive and Procedural

552Constitutional Law

552International Law

552Transportation Law

553 Branches of Private Law, Substantive and Procedural

553Business Law

553Business Organization

553Crime and Punishment

553Criminal Law

553Family Law

553Inheritance and Succession

553Property Law

553Slavery

553Torts

56 Education

561 The Aims and Organization of Education

561History of Education

561Teaching

562 Education Around the World

57 Subsistence and Leisure

571 The Means of Subsistence

572 Leisure and play

572Circus

572Gastronomy

572Olympic Games

572Major Team and Individual Sports

6 Art [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

61 Art in General

61Folk Arts

61Masks

611 Theory and Classification of the Arts

611Practice and Profession of the Arts

612 Experience and Criticism of Works of Art; the Nonaesthetic Context of Art

612Censorship

613 Characteristics of the Arts in Particular Cultures

613African Arts

613Arts of Native American Peoples

613Central Asian Arts

613East Asian Arts

613Ancient Egyptian Arts and Architecture

613Islamic Arts

613Ancient Middle Eastern Arts and Architecture

613Oceanic Arts

613South Asian Arts

613Southeast Asian Arts

62 The Particular Arts

621 Literature

621American Literature

621Literatures of Australia and New Zealand

621Belgian Literature

621Canadian Literature

621Caricature, Cartoon, and Comic Strip

621Celtic Literature

621Miguel de Cervantes

621Geoffrey Chaucer

621Chinese Literature

621Dante

621Charles Dickens

621Fyodor Dostoyevsky

621Dutch Literature

621English Literature

621French Literature

621German Literature

621Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

621Aeschylus

621Greek Literature

621Hebrew Literature

621The Homeric Epics

621Humour and Wit

621Hungarian Literature

621Italian Literature

621Japanese Literature

621Samuel Johnson

621Korean Literature

621Latin-American Literature

621Latin Literature

621The Art of Literature

621The History of Western Literature

621John Milton

621Moličre

621Michel de Montaigne

621Polish Literature

621Portuguese Literature

621Russian Literature

621Scandinavian Literature

621William Shakespeare

621Spanish Literature

621Leo Tolstoy

621Virgil

621Voltaire

621Yiddish Literature

621Sophocles

621Euripides

621Aristophanes

622 Theatre

622Puppetry

622The Art of the Theatre

622The History of Western Theatre

622Theatrical Production

623 Motion Pictures

623Motion Pictures

624 Music

624Johann Sebastian Bach

624Ludwig van Beethoven

624Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

624The Art of Music

624The History of Western Music

624Musical Forms and Genres

624Musical Instruments

625 Dance

625The Art of Dance

625The History of Western Dance

626 Architecture, Garden and Landscape Design, and Urban Design

626The Art of Architecture

626The History of Western Architecture

626Garden and Landscape Design

626Gardening and Horticulture

627 Sculpture

627The Art of Sculpture

627The History of Western Sculpture

628 Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, and Photography

628Drawing

628Leonardo da Vinci

628Michelangelo

628The Art of Painting

628The History of Western Painting

628Photography

628Pablo Picasso

628Printing, Typography, and Photoengraving

628Printmaking

628Rembrandt

628Titian

628Diego Velázquez

629 Arts of Decoration and Functional Design

629Decorative Arts and Furnishings

629Dress and Adornment

629Heraldry

7 Technology [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

71 The Nature and Development of Technology

711 Technology: Its Scope and History

712 The Organization of Human Work

712Henry Ford

72 Elements of Technology

721 Technology of Energy Conversion and Utilization

721Energy Conversion

722 Technology of Tools and Machines

722Tools

723 Technology of Measurement, Observation, and Control

723Measurement Systems

723Microscopes

723Radar

723Telescopes

724 Extraction and Conversion of Industrial Raw Materials

724Fossil Fuels

724Industrial Glass and Ceramics

724Chemical Industry

724Extraction and Processing Industries

724Salt

724Soaps and Detergents

724Dyes

724Pharmaceutical Industry

724Explosives

724Rubber

724Plastics and Resins

724Man-made Fibres

724Paints and Varnishes

724Adhesives

724Papermaking

725 Technology of Industrial Production Processes

73 Major Fields of Technology

731 Agriculture and Food Production

731Agricultural Sciences

731The History of Agriculture

731Tea

731Farming and Agricultural Technology

731Commercial Fishing

731Food Processing

731Forestry and Wood Production

731Coffee

731Beer

731Wine

731Distilled Spirits

731Soft Drinks

732 Technology of the Major Industries

732Automotive Industry

732Textile Industries

732Aerospace Industry

732Ship Construction

732Clothing and Footwear Industry

732Floor Coverings

732Furniture Industry

733 Construction Technology

733Building Construction

733Roads and Highways

733Bridges

734 Transportation Technology

734Navigation

734Transportation

734Canals and Inland Waterways

734Dams

734Harbours and Sea Works

734Lighthouses

734Environmental Works

734Airports

734Tunnels and Underground Excavation

735 Technology of Information Processing and of Communications Systems

735Automation

735Broadcasting

735Computer Science

735Computers

735Cryptology

735Electronics

735Information Processing and Information Systems

735Postal Systems

735Telecommunications Systems

736 Military Technology

736The Technology of War

736The Theory and Conduct of War

737 Technology of the Urban Community

737Modernization and Industrialization

738 Technology of Earth and Space Exploration

738Exploration

738Mapping and Surveying

8 Religion [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

81 Religion in General

811 Knowledge and Understanding of Religion

811The Study and Classification of Religions

811Religious Experience

811Religious Symbolism and Iconography

811Theology

812 The Religious Life: Institutions and Practices

812Religious Doctrines and Dogmas

812Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief

812Sacred Rites and Ceremonies

812Sacred Offices and Orders

82 The Particular Religions

821 Prehistoric Religion and Primitive Religion

821Myth and Mythology

821Occultism

822 Religions of Ancient Peoples

822Ancient European Religions

822Ancient Middle Eastern Religions

822Mystery Religions

823 Hinduism and Other Religions of India

823Hinduism

823Jainism

823Sikhism

824 Buddhism

824The Buddha and Buddhism

825 Indigenous Religions of East Asia: Religions of China, Korea, and Japan

825Confucius and Confucianism

825Shinto

825Taoism

826 Judaism

826Judaism

826Moses

827 Christianity

827Biblical Literature and Its Critical Interpretation

827John Calvin and Calvinism

827Christianity

827Eastern Orthodoxy

827Jesus: The Christ and Christology

827Martin Luther

827The Apostle Paul

827Protestantism

827Roman Catholicism

828 Islam

828Muhammad and the Religion of Islam

828Mecca and Medina

829 Other Religions and Religious Movements in the Modern World

829Zoroastrianism and Parsiism

9 History [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

9European History and Culture

9Prehistoric Peoples and Cultures

9The History of the Eurasian Steppe

91 Ancient Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe

911 Early Peoples and Civilizations of Southwest Asia and Egypt, the Aegean, and North Africa

911The History of Ancient Mesopotamia

912 Peoples of Ancient Europe and the Classical Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean World to AD 395

912Alexander the Great

912Augustus

912Caesar

912Constantine the Great

912Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations

92 Medieval Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia

921 Western Europe, the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, and Eastern Europe from AD 395 to c 1050

921The History of the Byzantine Empire

921Charlemagne

922 The Formative Period in Islamic History, from AD 622 to c 1055

923 Western Christendom in the High and Later Middle Ages (c 1050-c 1500)

923The House of Habsburg

923The History of the Holy Roman Empire

923Joan of Arc

924 The Crusading Movement, the Islamic States of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe, and the States of Eastern Christendom from c 1050 to c 1480

924The Crusades

93 Peoples and Traditional Civilizations of East, Central, South, and Southeast Asia

931 China to the Beginning of the Late T'ang (AD 755)

932 China from the Late T'ang (AD 755) to the Late Ch'ing (c 1839)

933 Inner (Central and Northeast) Asia to c 1750

933Genghis Khan

934 Japan to the Meiji Restoration (1868), and Korea to 1910

935 The Indian Subcontinent and Ceylon to c AD 1200

936 The Indian Subcontinent from c 1200 to 1761, and Ceylon from c 1200 to 1505

937 The Peoples and Civilizations of Southeast Asia to c 1600

94 Sub-Saharan Africa to 1885

941 West Africa to c 1885

942 The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia from c AD 550 to 1885

943 East Africa and Madagascar to c 1885

944 Central Africa to c 1885

945 Southern Africa to c 1885

95 Pre-Columbian America

95Pre-Columbian Civilizations

951 Andean Civilization to c AD 1540

952 Meso-American Civilization to c AD 1540

96 The Modern World to 1920

96The History of European Overseas Exploration and Empires

961 Western Europe from c 1500 to c 1789

961The House of Bourbon

961Christopher Columbus

961Oliver Cromwell

961Elizabeth I of England

961Frederick the Great

961Peter I the Great, of Russia

961Victoria and the Victorian Age

961Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

962 Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa from c 1480 to c 1800

963 Europe from 1789 to c 1920

963Otto von Bismarck

963Vladimir Ilich Lenin

963Napoleon

964 European Colonies in the Americas from 1492 to c 1790

964Benjamin Franklin

964George Washington

965 Development of the United States and Canada from 1763 to 1920

965Thomas Jefferson

965Abraham Lincoln

966 Development of the Latin-American and Caribbean Nations to c 1920

966The History of Latin America

967 Australia and Oceania to c 1920

968 South Asia Under the Influence of European Imperialism from c 1500 to c 1920

969 Southeast Asia Under the Influence of European Imperialism to c 1920

9610 China from 1839 Until the Onset of Revolution (to c 1911), and Japan from the Meiji Restoration to c 1910

9611 Southwest Asia and North Africa (c 1800-1920), and Sub-Saharan Africa (1885-c 1920) Under the Influence of European Imperialism: the Early Colonial Period

97 The World Since 1920

971 International Movements, Diplomacy, and War Since 1920

97120th-Century International Relations

971The World Wars

972 Europe Since c 1920

972Sir Winston Churchill

972Adolf Hitler

972Joseph Stalin

973 The United States and Canada Since 1920

973Franklin D. Roosevelt

974 Latin-American and Caribbean Nations Since c 1920

975 East Asia: China in Revolution, the Era of Japanese Hegemony, and the Influence of the United States in the 20th Century

975Mao Zedong

976 South and Southeast Asia: the Late Colonial Period and the Emergence of New Nations Since 1920 Australia and Oceania Since 1920

976Mahatma Gandhi

977 Australia and Oceania Since 1920

978 Southwest Asia and Africa: the Late Colonial Period and the Emergence of New Nations in the 20th Century

978Atatürk