The database is ‘systematic’ in reflecting the metaphysics of the way of being. It is currently idiosyncratic in emphasizing my interests, especially as in the way of being – website > the way of being – content.

Links

For each topic there are source links to pages in one or more of (i) this document (ii) the way of being (ii) the Internet.

Repeated links

Some articles are linked from more than one section.

Companion document

what is philosophy.html is a narrative companion to this document.

Philosophy

What is philosophy (the way of being)

Philosophy - Wikipedia

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | An encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers. (utm.edu)

Metaphilosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)—has material on what philosophy is (and more)

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Approaches to philosophy

See experimental philosophy (this document)

Computational Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Computational Linguistics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Branches of philosophy

The core are branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. The following sections elaborate on the core disciplines of philosophy, and (i) history of philosophy (ii) philosophies of academic disciplines and other activities (iii) metaphilosophy, i.e., roughly ‘philosophy of philosophy’ (iv) ‘the meaning of life’ and more.

Metaphysics

Sources—the way of being

very bare content.html (the way of being),

bare content.html (the way of being)

Sources—the internet

General

Metaphysics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Metaphysics - Wikipedia

Modal Metaphysics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Metaphysics of Science | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Search the encyclopedias for ‘metaphysics’

David Lewis’s Metaphysics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Aristotle: Metaphysics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Kant, Immanuel: Metaphysics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

The Metaphysics of Causation (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Theory of objects

Possible Objects (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Nonexistent Objects (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Abstract Objects (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Abstract Objects (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)— “About the expression ‘Object’ ”

Ordinary Objects (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Epistemology

Sources—the way of being

Metaphysics > sources (this document)

Sources—the internet

Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Formal Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Epistemology - Wikipedia

Axiology

Value Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Axiology - Wikipedia

The Axiology of Theism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Ethics

Deontological Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Virtue Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Consequentialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Ethics - Wikipedia

Aesthetics

The Concept of the Aesthetic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Aesthetic Judgment (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Plato’s Aesthetics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Wittgenstein’s Aesthetics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Aesthetics of the Everyday (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Aesthetics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Aesthetics - Wikipedia

Logic

Logic | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophical logic - Wikipedia

Logic - Wikipedia

History of philosophy

Western philosophy - Wikipedia (history of)

Philosophy - Wikipedia (history of)

Philosophers in chronological order

Notation—one star indicates a possibility for further study; two stars indicate a priority

Western schools and ideologies

Metaphysics of substance

Materialism

Physicalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Material Constitution (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Material Composition | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Knowledge Argument Against Physicalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Materialism - Wikipedia

Idealism

Idealism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)German Idealism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Platonism, Mathematical | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Platonism and Theism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Idealism - Wikipedia

Monism and neutral monism

Monism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Neutral Monism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Russellian Monism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy); the metaphysics of the way of being is Russellian Monism, without substance

Monism - Wikipedia

Dualism

Dualism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Dualism and Mind | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Mind–body dualism - Wikipedia

Property dualism - Wikipedia

Dualism in cosmology - Wikipedia

Pluralism

Pluralism (philosophy) - Wikipedia

Zeroism

Entries are under Metaphysical existentialism (this document), below

Metaphysics—bundle theory

Object (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Hume, David | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Russell, Bertrand: Metaphysics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Property | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) (in a legal context, but relevant)

Bundle theory - Wikipedia

Metaphysics—process philosophy

Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Process Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Process philosophy - Wikipedia

Metaphysics—trope theory

Tropes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Universals | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Trope (philosophy) - Wikipedia

Metaphysical existentialism

bare content (the way of being)

very bare content (the way of being)

Relational metaphysics

bare content (the way of being)

very bare content (the way of being)

Relations (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Whitehead, Alfred North | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Epistemology

Empiricism

Rationalism vs. Empiricism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Empiricism - Wikipedia

Rationalism

Rationalism vs. Empiricism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Rationalism - Wikipedia

Pragmatism

Pragmatism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Pragmatism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Pragmatism - Wikipedia

Epistemic existentialism

Pluralist Theories of Truth | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Ethics

See Ethics (this document), above

Consequentialism

Deontological ethics

Virtue ethics

Ancient

Atomism

Ancient Atomism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Also see Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Atomism - Wikipedia

Skepticism

Skepticism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Ancient Greek Skepticism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Cicero: Academic Skepticism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Contemporary Skepticism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Skeptical Theism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophical skepticism - Wikipedia

Religious skepticism - Wikipedia

Skeptical movement - Wikipedia (Scientific or rational skepticism)

Emanation (ism)

God and Other Necessary Beings (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Emanation | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Emanationism - Wikipedia

Medieval

Medieval Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Practical Reason, Medieval Theories of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Free Will, Medieval Theories of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Aesthetics, Medieval Theories of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Medieval philosophy - Wikipedia

Patrism

Augustine: Political and Social Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Anselm | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)Church Fathers - Wikipedia

Scholasticism

Medieval philosophy - Wikipedia (the high period of Scholasticism)

Scholasticism - Wikipedia

Enlightenment and after

Rationalism

See above, under Epistemology (this document)

Positivism

Logical Empiricism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Analytic Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) has material on logical positivism

Positivism - Wikipedia

Logical positivism - Wikipedia

Idealism

See above, under Metaphysics (this document)

British Idealism

Idealism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

British idealism - Wikipedia

Empiricism

See above, under Epistemology (this document)

Modern

Analytic philosophy

Analytic Philosophy in Latin America (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Analytic Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Analytic philosophy - Wikipedia

Logical positivism - Wikipedia

Ordinary language philosophy - Wikipedia

Continental philosophy

Continental Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) (a resource page as of November 10, 2021)

Continental philosophy - Wikipedia

Existentialism - Wikipedia

Phenomenology (philosophy) - Wikipedia

Existentialism

Also see continental philosophy (this document), above.

Existentialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Existentialism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Existentialism - Wikipedia

Emergentism

Emergence | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Emergentism - Wikipedia

Holism

See Holism (this document), later

Intuitionism

Intuitionism in the Philosophy of Mathematics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Dummett, Michael | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) (relevance)

Intuitionism - Wikipedia

Language philosophy

See analytic philosophy (this document), earlier

Ordinary Language Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Logical positivism

See analytic philosophy (this document), earlier

Logical empiricism

See analytic philosophy (this document), earlier

Materialism

See above, under Metaphysics (this document)

Physicalism

See above, under Metaphysics (this document)

Pragmatism

See above, under Epistemology (this document)

Process philosophy

See above, under Metaphysics (this document)

Realism

Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Scientific Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Structural Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Challenges to Metaphysical Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophical realism - Wikipedia (contemporary)

Indian philosophy—periods and schools

Original

Veda

Religion and Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) has information on the Veda

Hindu Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Vedas - Wikipedia

Upanishad

Religion and Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) has information on the Upanishads

Upanisads | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Upanishads - Wikipedia

Bhagavad Gita

God and Other Ultimates (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)—replaces:

Concepts of God (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2021 Edition)

Philosophy of Religion (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Bhagavad Gītā | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Bhagavad Gita - Wikipedia

Āstika

Hindu Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Āstika and nāstika - Wikipedia

The Āstika or Orthodox schools accept the authority of the Vedas.

Nyaya

Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) has material on Nyaya

Nyaya | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Nyaya - Wikipedia

Vaishesika

Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) has material on Vaishesika

Hindu Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Vaisheshika - Wikipedia

Samkhya

Sankhya | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Samkhya - Wikipedia

Yoga

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Yoga (philosophy) - Wikipedia

Purva Mimansa

Mīmāṃsā - Wikipedia

Vedanta

Śaṅkara (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Vedanta - Wikipedia

Advaita or non-dual

Vedanta, Advaita | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Advaita Vedanta - Wikipedia

Samkara

Śaṅkara (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Adi Shankara - Wikipedia

Ramanuja—qualified non-dualism

Ramanuja | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Ramanuja - Wikipedia

Dvaita or dual

Dvaita Vedanta - Wikipedia

Madhva

Madhvacharya - Wikipedia

Nāstika

Āstika and nāstika - Wikipedia

Lokayata/Carvaka – Indian Materialism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) has information on Nāstika

The Nāstika or Heterodox schools do not accept the authority of the Vedas. There are four main schools—

Cārvāka

Lokayata/Carvaka – Indian Materialism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Charvaka - Wikipedia

Ājīvika

Ājīvika - Wikipedia

Buddhism

Madhyamaka Buddhist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Pudgalavada Buddhist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Buddhism - Wikipedia

Jainism

Jain Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Jainism - Wikipedia

A system of philosophical ideas

The following are a beginning; see the document backup for details

being, abstraction, substance, against substance, experience, concept, beings (existents), meaning, language, knowledge, reasons, indeterminism, universe, creation, the void, law, possibility, necessity, unconditionality, contingency, logic, plenitude, transience, emergence, cosmos, difference, sameness, formation, form, identity, extension, duration, individual, death, peak being, nature, society, the universal, reason, understanding, doubt, interpretation, indistinguishability, logic, heuristics (imagination), general logic, intelligence, enjoyment, reason-with-action

Philosophies of the disciplines

Our world—philosophy of the humanities

Humanities - Wikipedia

Philosophy of philosophy

See Metaphilosophy (this document), later

Philosophy of knowledge

See Epistemology (this document), earlier

Philosophy and metaphysics of questions

Home (philosophyofquestions.com)

Questions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of reason

Reason - Wikipedia

Philosophy of tradition

Tradition - Wikipedia

Philosophy of feminism

Continental Feminism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Liberal Feminism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Analytic Feminism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Pragmatist Feminism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Feminist Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Feminist Ethics and Narrative Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Feminist Jurisprudence | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Feminist-Pragmatism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Feminist Standpoint Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Feminist philosophy - Wikipedia

Philosophy of religion

Philosophy of Religion (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

The Epistemology of Religion (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Phenomenology of Religion (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of Religion | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Hick, John | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of religion - Wikipedia

The real and given universe

General science, abstract sciences, and method

Philosophy of metaphysics

See Metaphilosophy (this document), later

See Philosophy of linguistics… (this document), Logic (this document), Philosophy of logic (this document)

Philosophy of mind - Wikipedia

Philosophy of linguistics, sign systems, study of language

Philosophy of Linguistics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Language, Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of language - Wikipedia

For philosophy of language and linguistic meaning, see Language, meaning, and philosophy (this document), later

Philosophy of logic

Logical Consequence | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of logic - Wikipedia

Dialetheism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Boundary (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of mathematics

Philosophy of Mathematics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Platonism, Mathematical | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Indispensability Argument in the Philosophy of Mathematics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Abstractionism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Structuralism, Mathematical | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of mathematics - Wikipedia

Model Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Proof Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of computer science

The Philosophy of Computer Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of computer science - Wikipedia

Meta-disciplinary study

A metatheory is one that asks questions about a theory or branch of knowledge (as its etymology is accidental, ‘metaphysics’ is an exception—but of course, questions about physics and metaphysics may arise in metaphysics); it may be considered part of that branch; aim is to improve the quality of questions and answers, to formalize understanding of the branch, and, formally and informally, contribute to the branch (especially as in metamathematics)

Metatheory - Wikipedia

Metaepistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

See Metaphilosophy (this document), later, Ethics (this document), earlier, for metaethics

Method

Metaphysics and the a priori

A Priori and A Posteriori | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

bare content (the way of being) and very bare content (the way of being) question existence of a priori knowledge

General logic

bare content (the way of being) and very bare content (the way of being) discuss a notion of ‘general logic’ under which fall both direct and indirect or inferential establishment of knowledge; degrees of certainty are admitted; therefore general logic includes logic and the logics, mathematics, and the sciences

Concrete sciences

Philosophy of science

Also see Philosophy and science (this document)

Philosophy of science - Wikipedia

Physical sciences

Philosophy of physics - Wikipedia

Biology

Philosophy of Biology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of Biology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of biology - Wikipedia

Anthropology

Anthropology, The Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Psychology

Philosophy of psychology - Wikipedia

Society, social science, and sciences

Social science

Social Science, Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of social science - Wikipedia

Anthropology

Anthropology, The Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Law

Law and Ideology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Law, Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Politics

Political philosophy - Wikipedia

Economics

Philosophy and economics - Wikipedia

War

War, The Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Applied science

Philosophy of Technology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Applied sciences I—physical sciences

Applied sciences II—biology and psychology

Applied sciences III—social science

Applied sciences IV—science for advanced civilization and being

Applied sciences V—application of the abstract sciences

History

Philosophy of History (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

History, Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy of history - Wikipedia

Artifact and the created world

Art

Aesthetics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Aesthetics - Wikipedia

Philosophy of Love | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

The arts

Literary Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy through Film | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Philosophy and literature - Wikipedia

Philosophy of Theater (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

The Philosophy of Music (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Philosophy of Music: Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

Technology

Philosophy of Technology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Technology

Elements of technology

Fields of technology

Technology for language, mind, and being

Technology for advanced civilization and being

Being and the universe

the way of being

Transformation of being

Theory of transformation of being

Intrinsic modes of transformation

Instrumental modes of transformation

Dual modes

Being the universe

Peak phase

Dispositional phase

Holism

Philosophy

Meaning Holism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Holism and Nonseparability in Physics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Karl Popper: Political Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) (Holism, essentialism, and historicism)

Whitehead, Alfred North | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) (with aspects of his holism)

Holism - Wikipedia (philosophy)

Systematic philosophy

Philosophy of Systems and Synthetic Biology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (not about systematic philosophy, but of interest)

Plato | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu) (not about systematic philosophy per se, but argues that Plato’s Republic blends ethics, political philosophy, moral psychology, epistemology, and metaphysics into an interconnected and systematic philosophy)

Philosophical methodology - Wikipedia (treats systematic philosophy)