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Main Influences For Anil
Mitra © JANUARY 2018—July
2021 Also see writers.html. Contents An essential idea is in full caps Significant influence; may be worthy of further study* MAIN INFLUENCES BY CONTRIBUTION AND PERSON Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich** Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William* Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Mythic Sages of the Upanishads Thinkers, writers, actors for The Way
Main Influences For INTRODUCTIONArrangementsThe purpose to arrangements by discipline and by concept, includes cross-reference. NotationAn essential idea is in full capsSignificant influence; may be worthy of further study*Priority for further study**PlanningThe document1. Make a simple listing—the immediate need is to fill out gaps in what has influenced my thought. Here, there is no intent at completeness. Continue 2. Cross reference influences and concepts (concepts.html, system of human knowledge, reason, practice, and action). 3. Parallel up date with topics and concepts for the way, the docs above, and the database. Long term 4. Import of influences and concepts. 5. Simplify. Sourcesconceptual outline-essential: thinkers MAIN INFLUENCES BY CONTRIBUTION AND PERSONThis is the main division of the document. The subsequent divisions are resources. Information includes area of contribution, dates, philosophical orientation if any, and optional: main concepts, works and schools. HumanitiesPhilosophyMetaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics; education; religion Heraclitusbecoming c. 535 BCE – c. 475 BCE Orientation: materialist-empiricist Parmenides**c. 500 BCE – c. 450 BCE Philosopher of permanence—change is relative; known written work—a metaphysical poem On Nature (probably not its real name), which includes an argument that whatever is, is permanent—seemingly concluded as from thoughts such as: whatever ‘is’ is observed but what was or will be is posited; Being vs becoming Though Parmenides is the first western philosopher to apply deductive a priori arguments, it is at least questionable whether the arguments were conclusive. Orientation: idealist-rationalist Socrates**c. 470 BCE – c. 399 BCE Socratic method—dialogue that simulates imaginative critical thought Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: Socratic method, reason Democritus*c. 460 BCE – c. 370 BCE atomism, cosmology Orientation: materialist-empiricist To add: atomism Plato*c. 428 BCE – c. 348 BCE Cosmology: Timaeus—a main source for Plato’s metaphysics; an account of the formation of the universe with an explanation of its beauty and order Knowledge: Parmenides (theory of forms) Politics: Republic Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: Logic, logic, ethics Aristotle*c. 384 BCE – c. 322 BCE metaphysics, categories, logic Logic [Organon] Metaphysics [Ta meta ta physika] Orientation: materialist-empiricist To add: categories Epicurus**c. 341 BCE – c. 270 BCE principle of plenitude (without proof) Orientation: materialist-empiricist To add: principle of plenitude Augustine**354 CE – 430 CE Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: ontological argument, God Samkara, Adi*c. 700 CE – c. 750 CE, speculatively Samkara, Adi (Advaita Vedanta) Identity of Atman and Brahman; tat tvam asi Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: Atman Johannes Scotus Eriugena*c. 815 CE – c. 877 CE universe as all that there is and that there is not over all time and space; being, nonbeing Orientation: idealist-rationalist Thomas Aquinas*1225 CE – 1274 CE Aeternitas Orientation: idealist-rationalist William of Ockham**c. 1287 CE – 1347 CE To add: superfluous universals (ockham’s razor) Orientation: idealist-rationalist Descartes, Rene*1596 CE – 1650 CE Analysis of certainty and experience Discours de la méthode [Discourse on Method], 1637 Meditationes de Prima Philosophia [Meditations on First Philosophy in Which Is Proved the Existence of God and the Immortality of the Soul; includes Decartes’ reflections on methodical doubt] 1641 Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: certainty John Locke**1632 CE – 1704 CE An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 Two Treatises of Government, 1690 Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm**1646 CE – 1715 CE The monad (interiority of experience), necessity Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: monad, necessity Berkeley, George1685 CE – 1753 CE To be is to be perceived (esse est percipi), interpreted as the object without influence on experience does not exist rather than things exist only when perceived and certainly not as perception creates the object Orientation: materialist-empiricist Hume, David*1711 CE – 1776 CE critic of induction as necessary A Treatise of Human Nature: Book 1 Of the Understanding, Book 2 Of the Passions, Book 3 Of Morals, 1739–40 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (a rewriting of the first book of the Treatise which Hume repudiated as immature, with addition of the essay On Miracles), originally titled Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding, 1748. Essays, Moral and Political, 1741–42 An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, 1751 Political Discourses, 1752 Four Dissertations, 1757 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Kant, Immanuel*1724 CE – 1804 CE categories of experience are categories of Being Critique of Pure Reason, trs. 1929, 1951, original German edition, Critik der reinen Vernunft, 1781, rev. ed. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1787 Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics, trs. 1951, Prolegomena zur einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können, 1783 Critique of Practical Reason, trs. 1949, Critik der practischen Vernunft 1788 Critique of Judgment, vol. 1, Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgment and vol. 2, Critique of Teleological Judgment, 1911–28, republished 1952, Critik der Urteilskraft 1790, 2nd ed. 1793 Orientation: idealist-rationalist Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich**1770 CE – 1831 CE The Phenomenology of Mind, 1807, trs. J. B. Baille, 1967 Science of Logic, 1812-1816 [Objective Logic, 1812 and Subjective Logic, 1816] Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline, 1817 [Logic, Nature, Mind] The Philosophy of Right, 1821, trs. J. B. Baille, 1952 Lecture Notes on Aesthetics, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of History, and History of Philosophy, written about 1823-1827 Orientation: idealist-rationalist Schopenhauer, Arthur*1788 CE – 1860 CE will, categories On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason: a Philosophical Essay, 1813 The World as Will and Representation, in two volumes, Volume I, trs. E. F. J. Payne, 1958, original German edition, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 1819; Volume II, trs. E. F. J. Payne, 1958, the original German edition of Volume II appears with the second edition of the work in 1844 in which Volume I is essentially unchanged; a third German edition was published in 1859 Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: will Mill, John Stuart1806 CE – 1873 CE Orientation: materialist-empiricist Nietzsche, Friedrich*1844 CE – 1900 CE critique of culture and convention, authenticity The Birth of Tragedy, trs. W. Kaufmann, 1954; original German, 1872 Daybreak, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1982; 1881 Thus Spoke Zarathustra, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1968; 1883-5 Beyond Good and Evil, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1966; 1886 The Twilight of the Idols, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1968; 1889 The Anti-Christ, R. J. Hollingdale, 1968; 1895 Nietzsche against Wagner, trs. W. Kaufmann in The Portable Nietzsche, ed. W. Kaufmann, 1954; 1895 Ecce Homo, trs. W. Kaufmann, 1968; 1908 Orientation: idealist-rationalist Husserl, Edmund1859 CE – 1938 CE Logical Investigations, trs. JN Findlay, 1970, from Logische Untersuchungeng, 1900–1 Orientation: idealist-rationalist Alexander, Samuel *1859 CE – 1938 CE space, time, God, categories Space, time, and deity: the Gifford lectures at Glasgow, 1916-1918 Orientation: idealist-rationalist Whitehead, Alfred North*1861 CE – 1947 CE Philosophy of organism, process The Concept of Nature, 1920 Science and the Modern World, 1925 Process and Reality, 1929, corrected ed. D. R. Griffin and D. W. Sherburne, 1967 Adventures of Ideas, 1933 Modes of Thought, 1938 Orientation: idealist-rationalist Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William*1872 CE – 1970 CE Logicism, ostensive definition, theory of types, names and descriptions A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900 The Principles of Mathematics, 1903 On Denoting, in Mind, 1905 Philosophical Essays, 1910 Principia Mathematica, with A. N. Whitehead, 3 vols., 1910-13, 2 ed., 1927 The Problems of Philosophy, 1912 The Theory of Knowledge, 1913, pub. Posthumously in Colledted Papers, v. VII, 1984 Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy, 1914 The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, in Monist, 1918-19 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, 1919 The Analysis of Mind, 1921 The Analysis of Matter, 1927 An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, 1940 Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, 1948 My Philosophical Development, 1959 Autobiography, 1967-9 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Wittgenstein, Ludwig*1889 CE – 1951 CE logic, metaphysics, philosophical psychology Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trs. C. K. Ogden, 1922 In the following the comments are from IEP. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated by D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1961). His early classic. The Blue and Brown Books, (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1969). From his middle period, these are preliminary studies for his later work. Philosophical Investigations, 1953, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1963). His late classic. On Certainty, edited by G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright, translated by Denis Paul and G.E.M. Anscombe (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1979). Like many of Wittgenstein's works, this was compiled after his death from notes he had made. In this case the notes come from the last year and a half of his life.Works of more general interest by Wittgenstein include these: Culture and Value, translated by Peter Winch (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1980). These are notes from throughout Wittgenstein's life dealing with all kinds of topics hinted at by its title, including music, literature, philosophy, religion and the value of silliness. Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, edited by Cyril Barrett (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1966). For 'psychology' read 'Freud', otherwise the title is explanation enough. Hilary Putnam has recommended the section on religion as a valuable introduction to Wittgenstein's philosophy as a whole. Orientation: materialist-empiricist Heidegger, Martin*1889 CE – 1976 CE Being, becoming, being human, time Being and time, 1927 Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add: time Popper, Karl Raimund*1902 CE – 1994 CE scientific method (‘falsifiability’, necessity of testability) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1959, trs. of revised and expanded version of Logik der Forschung, 1934 The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945 Indeterminism in quantum physics and in classical physics, in British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 1950 The Poverty of Historicism, 1957 Conjectures and Refutations, 1963 The next three titles are the three volumes of Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery: After Twenty Years, 1982 – 1983. The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism, 1982 Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics, 1982 Realism and the Aim of Science, 1983 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Quine, Willard Van Orman*1908 CE – 2000 CE logic as empirical or synthetic On What There Is, 1953 Word and Object, 1960 Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, 1969 The Roots of Reference, 1974 Theories and Things, 1981 Pursuit of Truth, 1990 Philosophy of Logic, 1970, 2 ed, 1986 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Searle, John*1932 CE – On consciousness The Rediscovery of the Mind, 1992 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Nagel, Thomas*1937 CE – On consciousness, ‘what it is like’ What it is Like to Be a Bat, 1974 Orientation: idealist-rationalist To add what it is like Kripke, Saul Aaron**1940 CE – Naming and Necessity, 1980 Orientation: materialist-empiricist To add naming Lewis, David**1941 CE – 2001 CE modal realism, possible worlds Lowe, E. J.**1950 CE – 2014 CE Being, metaphysics, kinds of Being Kinds of Being, 1989 More Kinds of Being, 2009 Chalmers, David1966 CE – On qualia ‘Qualia’ derives from the Latin ‘quale’ of what kind, was introduced by C. S. Lewis in 1929 in connection with sense-datum theory and its importance emphasized by David Chalmers in a paper Absent Qualia, Fading Qualia, Dancing Qualia (1995) Orientation: materialist-empiricist To add qualia Concrete sciencesThe concrete sciences Mathematics, theoretical physics, functional and evolutionary biology, theoretical and experimental psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science and philosophy, economics PhysicsNewton, Isaac*1642 CE – 1727 CE Maxwell, James Clerk1831 CE – 1879 CE Einstein, Albert*1879 CE – 1955 CE Schrödinger, Erwin*1887 CE – 1961 CE Heisenberg, Werner1901 CE – 1976 CE Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice1902 CE – 1984 CE Feynman, Richard*1918 CE – 1988 CE BiologyDarwin, Charles*1809 CE – 1882 CE Mayr, Ernst*1904 CE – 2005 CE PsychologyFreud, Sigmund1856 CE – 1939 CE SociologyWeber, Max*1864 CE – 1920 CE AnthropologyAnthropology proper and study of belief including philosophy and nature of religion Campbell, Joseph1904 CE – 1987 CE Nelson, Richard K1941 CE – Cultural anthropologist; Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, 1983 Religious studyJames, William**1842 CE –1910 CE Eliade, Mircea1907 CE – 1986 CE Smith, Huston Cummings1919 CE – 2016 CE Hick, John*1922 CE – 2012 CEPolitical scienceMarx, Karl1818 CE – 1863 CE EconomicsKeynes, John Maynard1883 CE – 1946 CE Samuelson, Paul*1915 CE – 2009 CE TechnologyEspecially language, writing, print; artificial intelligence and simulation; man-machine interface and integration; technology of civilization; technology of earth and space exploration. Frank Tippler1947 CE – Abstract sciencesMetaphysics and specific abstract sciences MetaphysicsLogicFrege, Gottlob*1848 CE – 1925 CE referential meaning; logic, analytic philosophy, Platonist philosophy of mathematics The Foundations of Arithmetic, trs. J. L. Austin, 1952; original German 1884 The Basic Laws of Arithmetic I, trs. and ed. Montgomery Furth, 1964; 1893 The Basic Laws of Arithmetic II, translations of extracts in Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege trs. and ed. P. Geach and M. Black, 1980; 1903 Orientation: materialist-empiricist Gödel, Kurt*1906 CE – 1978 CE Limits to formal systems, is arithmetic synthetic On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica And Related Systems (Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I"), 1931. Orientation: idealist-rationalist MathematicsComputer scienceLinguisticsActionCivilizationThe ingredients of civilization (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/); Mesopotamia, Egypt > Indus > Aegean > China > America > Mediterranean > Regional civilizations > Global civilization TechnologyPoliticsAlexander the Great356 BCE – 323 BCE Julius Caesar100 BCE – 44 BCE Gengis Khanc. 1162 CE – 1227 BCE Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov1870 CE – 1924 CE What is to be done? Burning Questions of our Movement, 1929 trs. from the 1902 Russian Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline, 1933, trs. from the 1916 Russian Castro, Fidel1926 CE – 2016 CE EconomicsReligionRishis of the VedasRishis (Veda) is a mythic ascription of authorship according to the Vedas Rough dates: 1700 BCE – 900 CE Mythic Sages of the UpanishadsThe Upanishads, like the Vedas, are of uncertain authorship and have been ascribed to mythic sates. Rough dates 800 BCE – 300 CE ValmikiThe Ramayana is attributed to Valmiki. Rough dates of writing 450 BCE – 50 BCE Gautama Buddhac. 563 BCE – c. 483 BCE Jesusc. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE Vyasa, VedaVyasa, Veda (traditional: Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita) Veda Vyasa is mythic with a very rough date: 3000 BCE Samkara, Adi*Samkara, Adi (Advaita Vedanta) c. 700 CE – c. 750 CE, speculatively Baker, IanThe Heart of the World: A Journey to Tibet’s Lost Paradise, 2004 1957 CE – SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTThis division is in broad strokes. It is also selective and focuses on the main influences on my thought. Indian philosophyOriginal HinduVedaUpanishadBhagavad GitaĀstikaThe Āstika or Orthodox schools accept the authority of the Vedas. There are six main schools but I list only the main influences. SamkhyaYogaAdvaita VedantaNāstikaThe Nāstika or Heterodox schools do not accept the authority of the Vedas. The four main Nastika schools are Cārvāka, Ājīvika, Buddhism, and Jainism. The one with significant influence is BuddhismWestern philosophySee system of human knowledge, practice, and action and history of western philosophy. AncientAtomismSkepticismMedievalPatrismScholasticismEnlightenment… and after RationalismPositivismIdealismBritish IdealismEmpiricismModernAnalytic philosophyContinental philosophyExistentialismEmergentismHolismIntuitionismLanguage philosophyLogical positivismLogical empiricismMaterialismPhysicalismPragmatismProcess philosophyRealismMAIN INFLUENCES BY CONCEPTThis is for use in the main division, main influences by discipline and person. BeingBecomingBecoming, destiny, death, yoga, civilization, understanding, paradigm, truth Writers on becomingHeraclitus, Nietzsche, Whitehead BeingBeing, sameness, difference, existence, verb to be, abstraction-concretion, ¿why Being? Writers on Being and the realBeing: Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger The real: writers on Being and Samkara, Buddha, John Hick, Kant Experienceexperience, consciousness, the given experience and the world, canonical dilemmas (of experience), concept, intentionality, object, null object, concept meaning, linguistic referential meaning Writers on experienceThe phenomenologists: Franz Brentano, Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merlau-Ponty On consciousness, recent: Searle, Chalmers, Nagel On the world: see writers on Being, i.e. on the real Perfect categoriesthe real via abstraction, ideal categories (elements), all (universe), parts (beings), null (the void), power, reason, possibility, potential WritersAristotle, Kant, Schopenhauer, Hegel, Husserl. Samuel Alexander Kinds of beingkind (of Being), mode (or level of Being), model (dynamic), conceptual model (linguistic) WritersSee writers on Being and the categories E. J. Lowe (Kinds of Being, 1989 and More Kinds of Being, 2009) Reasonreason, rationalism, possibility (kinds), limitlessness, necessity, argument (Logic), science, religion, value, art Writers on reasonSocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, Russell, Quine Metaphysicsmetaphysics, possibility of metaphysics (by demonstrative example), existence of the void, fundamental principle, perfect metaphysics (dual abstract-concrete, with dual epistemology), consequences: identity, cosmology of identity and Being, Atman, Brahman essential problem of metaphysics, ¿what has Being?, problems of metaphysics Writers on metaphysicsThales, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger, Wittgenstein, David Lewis Real elements of Beingthe real (via appropriate dual epistemology), real category, abstract-concrete, peak realization, perfect instrument, system of real categories: identity, dynamics, experiential modes Writers on the realSee writers on Being, and on the categories Cosmologycosmology, method, general cosmology (descriptive, paradigms, models of universe—of Being and identity) cosmology of form and formation, transient, multi-step symmetry capture (greater probability of), form physical cosmology (symmetry, dynamics, superposed residual indeterminism—e.g. quantum, models of cosmos), process, determinism (and indeterminism), causation, acausal process, mechanism (vs teleology); matter (Being), mind (Being-in-relation), modes of mind and matter life, evolution psychology, objectivity of experience, dimensions of experience, function, personality agency, transformation, dynamics (intrinsic, instrumental) value (axiology, aesthetics, ethics) being human, becoming human, reflexive reason, life role, remaining human, time, death, authenticity, function role, tat tvam asi, transcendence; spirit civilization, society, universal civilization, civilizing the universe, reason Writers on cosmologyGeneral—Plato, Kant, Hegel, Whitehead Cosmology of formation and origins—classical metaphysics, Plato, Hegel Physical cosmology and physics—Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, Dirac, and Feynman Life, evolution—Darwin, Mayr Psychology—Freud Agency— Value— Being human, anthropology—Heidegger, Richard K Nelson Civilization— The Way of BeingThe Way of Being, the highest pursuit aim of Being, endeavor, destiny, path pragmatic agency, yoga (intrinsic—and as instrumental; meditation), way of life, catalyst, reason, mystic, Beyul, immersion, science, sciences (instrumental—and as intrinsic: immersive), technology path, eternal process, the immediate and the ultimate, death, openness to the infinite, finite resolution of significant meaning, program, template Thinkers, writers, actors for The WayBuddha, Jesus, Samkara, Joseph Campbell Frank Tippler, The Physics of Immortality (1994) |